The economy of apartheid. The experience of South Africa in dealing with sanctions.

South Africa during the apartheid era was an astonishing and frightening state of racial and class inequality, ongoing wars, and the development of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. This country was under severe sanctions for many years not only from Britain and the USA, but also from the oil monarchies of the Persian Gulf, Iran, China, and India. Nevertheless, the South African Boers learned to extract oil from coal, built their own military aviation and intercontinental ballistic missiles, hundreds of combat vehicles and tanks, developed weapons of mass destruction. At the same time, the standard of living in the country was continuously rising, and new technologies were emerging. South Africa's experience in dealing with sanctions is extremely valuable, and given the current situation in Russia, it becomes relevant for us as well.