Surface properties of alloys based on lead, tin

In the monograph, fundamental thermodynamic equations, characterizing the surface layer as the phase of the final thickness. For multicomponent systems, equations were obtained and methods for calculating the thermodynamic parameters of the surface layer along the concentration dependence of the surface tension were developed. As an example, the results of calculations of the composition, efficient thickness and molar area of ​​components in some triple and quadruple systems are given. From the adsorption equation of Gibbs, taking into account the concentration dependence of the molar area, theoretical equations for the isotherm of the surface tension of double and triple systems are obtained. A description of the methods for studying the surface tension (method of the underlying drop and the maximum pressure method in the gas bubble) is given. Attention is paid to the use of modern information technologies in the study of the surface properties of liquid-metal melts