Logics. A short course

This small book is intended for a wide range of readers. Firstly, it is useful for those who have not studied logic as academic discipline, both for adults and children. Children can study logic on their own, and can also under the guidance of parents or teachers. Secondly, it will allow you to repeat the basic methods and techniques of logic to those who studied logic. In this case, it will be useful to get acquainted with the latest scientific achievements in the field of logic, which, if possible, are presented in the book. Thirdly, it is useful for teachers of logic, since it sets out the concept of logic, developed by the author of this book, which has been conducting teaching and scientific work in the field of logic for many years (it is the Lomonosovsky Prize for Logic Textbooks, he headed the Department of Logic of MSU named after M.V. Lomonosov) Fourth, the book needs undergraduates who did not study the logic in the undergraduate and continuing to study at faculties, where the main part of the students studied logic.
When writing a book, it is taken into account that in almost every science there are two parts - empirical and theoretical. The empirical part describes the facts and give some of their generalizations. In theoretical - models that are simplifications and, as a rule, distortions of the actual data. In logic, there are also such parts. In the process of teaching, either the first part is sometimes set out (this is mainly the so -called traditional logic), or the second part is the model (mainly symbolic, or mathematical logic) In the textbook, an attempt was made to connect these parts.
When writing a book, the task was not only to state the problems of logic, but also to introduce the reader to the problems of scientific knowledge on the example of logic