Comprehension of Russia. The view of the sociologist

The monograph contains a response to a hidden challenge, quit Tyutchev: Do not understand Russia with the mind, do not measure the common arshin. Its first part dedicated to the development of the measuring instruments of society outlines the problems of theoretical knowledge of society, key concepts of sociology are introduced, and the basic social phenomena are described. As a general “fathom” of the measurement of the society, an evolution scheme is proposed, including ideal types of savagery, barbarism, civilized community, tense, service, household and market civilizations. As additional “arshins” of measurements, the ideal types of state-corporation and state institutions are introduced. In its second part, a measurement of key societies in the history of Russia was carried out: the Novgorod Republic, Kievan Rus, the Moscow Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and modern Russia. The factors that influenced the evolution of Russian society, as well as problems, difficulties and conditions for the development of the country at present, are described