Nadezhda gained and invented. Epistemology of virtues and humanitarian examination of biotechnologies

A century ago, scientists first tried to tame viruses to combat bacterial infections. And to this day, viruses not only refuse to obey, but also show more and more self -will. However, viruses are used now in the most difficult cases. What allowed scientists to mess with rebellious and initially invisible entities for more than a century? The answer proposed in this book reads: Epistemic virtues. The central place among them is occupied by hope gained by researchers. It allows you to create technologies that sometimes help to overcome situations that look hopeless. With the development of such technologies, people often associate “invented hopes”, more and more affecting public life. That is why hopes can become one of the main objects of humanitarian examination of forming technologies