Modeling heat and moisture exchange of the surface of the land with the atmosphere

The monograph is devoted to the problems of constructing and using physical and mathematical models of the heat and moisture exchange of the underlying surface of the land with the atmosphere (LSM models) for geophysical systems of different spatial scale (from local to global) The decisive role in the interaction of land with the atmosphere of the system is shown: the soil is vegetable/snow cover - the surface layer of the atmosphere (SVAS) The main mechanisms of processes occurring in various components of the SVAS system are analyzed. The parameterization of these processes for using them in the SWAP (soil water - atmosphere - Plants) formation of the radiation, thermal and water modes of various ecosystems of sushi developed by the authors of the LSM -model. A comparative analysis of modern LSM models is given, the issues of their information support, methods for taking into account the spatial heterogeneity of the underlying surface and hydrometeorological characteristics are considered. The results of the SWAP check and its comparisons with other LSM models are presented for many geophysical systems of land of different spatial scales and characterized by various natural conditions. Examples of use of SWAP are given to solve various biosphere problems.
For specialists in the field of hydrology, hydrometeorology, climatology, ecology, water resources