The magazine "Knowledge-Wir" No. 8. 2021
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Nizhny Novgorod - 800 years of history
When they talk about the capitals of Russia, then after Moscow and St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod is most often mentioned. And quite deservedly - the contribution of this city to the history of our country, to the formation of Russian statehood, to the development of domestic science and culture is huge.
The foundation of Nizhny Novgorod by Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich in 1221, at the site of the confluence of the Oka into the Volga, laid the foundation for the active expansion of Russian influence on the Mordovian lands. The first wooden-earth fortress occupied an extremely profitable military-strategic position and was well protected on the one hand with a deep ravine, on the other-steep slopes of the Volga coast. Already in the first years, two white -stone temples were built in the fortress - including the Arkhangelsk Cathedral in 1227, which indicates a special role, which was claimed by a new settlement in the land system of Vladimir -Suzdal Rus. However, the Mongol-Tatar invasion prevented the implementation of this role. But the life of the village continued - its location was too successful. Different times happened to survive Nizhny Novgorod. For some period, it even established a “veche republic” by the type of Novgorod the Great. Over the years, the population of the city grew, its significance grew. By the beginning of the XVII century, Lower became a large center at that time - ship caravans were used here massively, which many thousands of work people hired. The city flourished. It is no accident that residents of the lower and surrounding settlements, led by the Zemsky elder of the city of Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, gathered a large and multinational militia for the liberation of Moscow from Polish invaders in 1611. And thereby saved the country.
Nizhny Novgorod of the XVII century - a large center of metalworking. In 1621, 41 forges acted here, of which 36 were in the Upper Posad. The Nizhny Novgorod craftsmen cast bells and anchors, fulfilled state orders: in 1646 they made a large batch of copies-rogatin, and the arms castles made in the lower were “a Moscow opposite in a different manner” and were highly valued.
In December 1708, Peter the Great signed a decree on the establishment of the provinces. Nizhny Novgorod became the center of the Nizhny Novgorod province of the Kazan province. But already in 1714, the Nizhny Novgorod province became an independent province with a special decree of the tsar: “The great sovereign and great prince Petr Alekseevich All Velikia and Maly and Bely of Russia, the autocrat, indicated: the Nizhny Novgorod province is especially ... to the governor to be Andrei Petrov to the son of Izmailov ...”. True, three years later, Nizhny Novgorod land was again given to the Office of the Kazan Governor. And only in 1719? The independence of the Nizhny Novgorod province was restored. In addition to Nizhny Novgorod, it included cities: Alatyr, Arzamas, Balakhna, Vasilsursk, Gorokhovets, Kurmys, Yuryevets, Yadrin.
In the province, industry was violently developed. Tanny, malt, breweries, brick and potterd plants, a sailing fabric factory, and linen factory worked. In the Gorodetsk volost, anchors were produced, and near the gateful there were cast -iron and iron factories of Demidov. In Vyksa there were iron -smelting and iron -melting plants of the Batashev brothers. In addition to the Oaksa, the villages of Pavlovo, Vorsma and Bogorodsk, belonging to Count Sheremetev, were also industrial estates.
Nizhny Novgorod, like all other Russian cities, has been built up for centuries spontaneously and spontaneously. Only thanks to Catherine the Second, which introduced the mandatory compilation of regular plans for urban construction, by the end of the XVIII century, a systematic reconstruction and redevelopment of the city was started, the construction of stone houses in it.
Since 1822, Nizhny Novgorod has become the main international shopping center of the Russian Empire. And all thanks to the Nizhny Novgorod fair - not only the annual event, but also the corresponding complex of buildings erected on the left, low bank of the Oka near its confluence with the Volga.
By the beginning of the twentieth century, Nizhny Novgorod was no longer only a large trade, but also in the industrial center of Russia. The leading enterprise was the Sormovsky Plant - one of the largest in Russia. Along with the production of the main products - steamboats of various types (river, sea, raid, cargo and passenger), the plant also produced steam locomotives, wagons, and railway bridges.
The transition from a market economy to a planned one, which followed after the civil war and a period of military communism, assumed the abandonment of private entrepreneurship and trade, turned into a stop of factories and factories. The Nizhny Novgorod Fair has long ceased to exist. In the 1930s, the intensive restoration of industry began. By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, Nizhny Novgorod, already renamed Gorky, became a powerful industrial center, in which, along with shipbuilding, there were aircraft and automobile industry, instrumentation. Gorky gunsmiths produced tanks, guns, mortars, shells. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the production of weapons only grew. It is no accident that over the first three years of the war, the city was subjected to massive German bombing, which is why its industrial part was seriously destroyed. This required great efforts in the post -war years to restore factories. Starting in the 1950s, Gorky again produced vessels, planes, trucks and cars and many other products, including the so -called “consumer goods”.
Then Gorky turned into a large scientific center. Suffice it to say that now in Nizhny Novgorod there are 5 academic institutes created in Soviet times, as well as 20 research institutes and design bureaus. Among them are the Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (since 2015 - the Federal Research Center), the Institute of Physics of Microstructures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Problems of Engineering of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Metal Organic Chemistry named after G.A. Razuvaeva RAS, Institute of Chemistry of High -Artistic Substances named after G. G. G. of the ninth wounds, research institutes, research institutes, research institute of applied mathematics and cybernetics, Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Blokhina, Laboratory of Cellular Immunology of NNIEM, Research Physics and Technical Institute, Research Institute of Molecular Biology and Regional Ecology, Research Radiophysical Institute, Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Radio Engineering. Scientific, design, engineering, teaching personnel prepare Nizhny Novgorod State University named after N.I. Lobachevsky, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University named after R.E. Alekseeva, Volzhsky State University of Water Transport, Nizhny Novgorod State Architectural and Civil Engineering University, Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University named after K. Minina. To top it away, it is worth recalling that Nizhny Novgorod, and later Gorky, starting from the 19th century, was a large cultural center of the country.
A year before the collapse of the Soviet Union, the city of Gorky was renamed Nizhny Novgorod. In modern Russia, the city has become a political and administrative center of the Volga Federal District. And still remains the capital of the Nizhny Novgorod region.
As part of the main topic, we represent several entertaining episodes from the vast history of Nizhny Novgorod: from its foundation, as an outpost of the military and religious, and to the modern city - the Center for Science, Culture and Industry
When they talk about the capitals of Russia, then after Moscow and St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod is most often mentioned. And quite deservedly - the contribution of this city to the history of our country, to the formation of Russian statehood, to the development of domestic science and culture is huge.
The foundation of Nizhny Novgorod by Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich in 1221, at the site of the confluence of the Oka into the Volga, laid the foundation for the active expansion of Russian influence on the Mordovian lands. The first wooden-earth fortress occupied an extremely profitable military-strategic position and was well protected on the one hand with a deep ravine, on the other-steep slopes of the Volga coast. Already in the first years, two white -stone temples were built in the fortress - including the Arkhangelsk Cathedral in 1227, which indicates a special role, which was claimed by a new settlement in the land system of Vladimir -Suzdal Rus. However, the Mongol-Tatar invasion prevented the implementation of this role. But the life of the village continued - its location was too successful. Different times happened to survive Nizhny Novgorod. For some period, it even established a “veche republic” by the type of Novgorod the Great. Over the years, the population of the city grew, its significance grew. By the beginning of the XVII century, Lower became a large center at that time - ship caravans were used here massively, which many thousands of work people hired. The city flourished. It is no accident that residents of the lower and surrounding settlements, led by the Zemsky elder of the city of Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, gathered a large and multinational militia for the liberation of Moscow from Polish invaders in 1611. And thereby saved the country.
Nizhny Novgorod of the XVII century - a large center of metalworking. In 1621, 41 forges acted here, of which 36 were in the Upper Posad. The Nizhny Novgorod craftsmen cast bells and anchors, fulfilled state orders: in 1646 they made a large batch of copies-rogatin, and the arms castles made in the lower were “a Moscow opposite in a different manner” and were highly valued.
In December 1708, Peter the Great signed a decree on the establishment of the provinces. Nizhny Novgorod became the center of the Nizhny Novgorod province of the Kazan province. But already in 1714, the Nizhny Novgorod province became an independent province with a special decree of the tsar: “The great sovereign and great prince Petr Alekseevich All Velikia and Maly and Bely of Russia, the autocrat, indicated: the Nizhny Novgorod province is especially ... to the governor to be Andrei Petrov to the son of Izmailov ...”. True, three years later, Nizhny Novgorod land was again given to the Office of the Kazan Governor. And only in 1719? The independence of the Nizhny Novgorod province was restored. In addition to Nizhny Novgorod, it included cities: Alatyr, Arzamas, Balakhna, Vasilsursk, Gorokhovets, Kurmys, Yuryevets, Yadrin.
In the province, industry was violently developed. Tanny, malt, breweries, brick and potterd plants, a sailing fabric factory, and linen factory worked. In the Gorodetsk volost, anchors were produced, and near the gateful there were cast -iron and iron factories of Demidov. In Vyksa there were iron -smelting and iron -melting plants of the Batashev brothers. In addition to the Oaksa, the villages of Pavlovo, Vorsma and Bogorodsk, belonging to Count Sheremetev, were also industrial estates.
Nizhny Novgorod, like all other Russian cities, has been built up for centuries spontaneously and spontaneously. Only thanks to Catherine the Second, which introduced the mandatory compilation of regular plans for urban construction, by the end of the XVIII century, a systematic reconstruction and redevelopment of the city was started, the construction of stone houses in it.
Since 1822, Nizhny Novgorod has become the main international shopping center of the Russian Empire. And all thanks to the Nizhny Novgorod fair - not only the annual event, but also the corresponding complex of buildings erected on the left, low bank of the Oka near its confluence with the Volga.
By the beginning of the twentieth century, Nizhny Novgorod was no longer only a large trade, but also in the industrial center of Russia. The leading enterprise was the Sormovsky Plant - one of the largest in Russia. Along with the production of the main products - steamboats of various types (river, sea, raid, cargo and passenger), the plant also produced steam locomotives, wagons, and railway bridges.
The transition from a market economy to a planned one, which followed after the civil war and a period of military communism, assumed the abandonment of private entrepreneurship and trade, turned into a stop of factories and factories. The Nizhny Novgorod Fair has long ceased to exist. In the 1930s, the intensive restoration of industry began. By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, Nizhny Novgorod, already renamed Gorky, became a powerful industrial center, in which, along with shipbuilding, there were aircraft and automobile industry, instrumentation. Gorky gunsmiths produced tanks, guns, mortars, shells. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the production of weapons only grew. It is no accident that over the first three years of the war, the city was subjected to massive German bombing, which is why its industrial part was seriously destroyed. This required great efforts in the post -war years to restore factories. Starting in the 1950s, Gorky again produced vessels, planes, trucks and cars and many other products, including the so -called “consumer goods”.
Then Gorky turned into a large scientific center. Suffice it to say that now in Nizhny Novgorod there are 5 academic institutes created in Soviet times, as well as 20 research institutes and design bureaus. Among them are the Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (since 2015 - the Federal Research Center), the Institute of Physics of Microstructures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Problems of Engineering of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Metal Organic Chemistry named after G.A. Razuvaeva RAS, Institute of Chemistry of High -Artistic Substances named after G. G. G. of the ninth wounds, research institutes, research institutes, research institute of applied mathematics and cybernetics, Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Blokhina, Laboratory of Cellular Immunology of NNIEM, Research Physics and Technical Institute, Research Institute of Molecular Biology and Regional Ecology, Research Radiophysical Institute, Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Radio Engineering. Scientific, design, engineering, teaching personnel prepare Nizhny Novgorod State University named after N.I. Lobachevsky, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University named after R.E. Alekseeva, Volzhsky State University of Water Transport, Nizhny Novgorod State Architectural and Civil Engineering University, Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University named after K. Minina. To top it away, it is worth recalling that Nizhny Novgorod, and later Gorky, starting from the 19th century, was a large cultural center of the country.
A year before the collapse of the Soviet Union, the city of Gorky was renamed Nizhny Novgorod. In modern Russia, the city has become a political and administrative center of the Volga Federal District. And still remains the capital of the Nizhny Novgorod region.
As part of the main topic, we represent several entertaining episodes from the vast history of Nizhny Novgorod: from its foundation, as an outpost of the military and religious, and to the modern city - the Center for Science, Culture and Industry
Cover:
Cover:Soft
Category:
- Category:Biographies & Memoirs
- Category:Magazines & Encyclopedia
ISBN:
ISBN:0130-1640-4
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