realistic approach in linguistics. This path involves the rejection of abstract idealizations and the transition to learning a language based on real language data. The realistic approach is focused on the study of linguistic phenomena in t

The book summarizes the result of 30-year reflections on the state of affairs in the science of a language united by the general main idea of ​​the insolvency of generally accepted views on the language and the need to develop a new methodology for its research, corresponding to a new, still emerging scientific paradigm in the field of humanities. In the first part, some general provisions of traditional theory are critically considered, the uncertainty of the subject area of ​​linguistics is emphasized, and the need for an integrative approach to language as a biological reality is indicated. The second part is devoted to the methodological problems in the existing approaches to language and cognition, new cognitive attitudes are formulated, emanating from the bio-sociocultural essence of the language as the cognitive field of interactions that form the ecological niche of a person, emphasizes the environmental nature of linguistic changes and their influence on the adaptive function of society as a living ( cognitive) system. In the third part, using the example of various language phenomena in Russian and English, a biological (orienting) function of the language (observer factor) and how understanding of this function can contribute to a deeper understanding of the native language and the effective mastery of a foreign language.
For a wide range of linguists, philologists, philosophers, cognitologists, school and university teachers of the Russian and English language, undergraduates and graduate students of linguists