Determination of the areas of real estate. Tutorial

Methods of determining and evaluating the accuracy of the areas of land and other real estate objects associated with them. The algorithms for calculating the areas of polygonal objects are given according to the coordinates of the vertices, by linear, corner and diverse-coordinate dimensions. Methods of determining and assessing the accuracy of areas with curved boundaries and the form of elementary figures: irregular quadrangles, rectangles, horizontal and spatial triangles are set out. Methods of calculating the area of ​​the physical surface of the land plots, their horizontal projections and projections to the surface of the ellipsoid, as well as the area of ​​image are on the plane of cartographic projection are given. Methods of measuring areas on cartographic materials are given using planimeters, dihytizers, scanners, sticks. The algorithm for coordinating the boundaries and areas of related land use is given.
A textbook is intended for students of geodetic and agrarian universities. It can be useful for a wide range of specialists working in the field of geodesy, land management, cadastre and land monitoring.
2nd edition, stereotypical