Comprehension of history
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The book is devoted to the presentation of the theory of civilizations A.J. Toynby. The author put forward the criteria for evaluating civilizations: stability in time and space, in situations of call and interaction with other peoples. He sees the meaning of civilization in the fact that comparable units (monads) of history are similar stages of development. Successfully developing civilizations undergo the stages of occurrence, growth, break and decomposition. The development of civilization is determined by whether the creative minority of civilization is able to find answers to the challenges of the natural world and the human environment. Toynby notes the following types of challenges: a challenge of a harsh climate (Egyptian, Sumerian, Chinese, Mayan, Andian civilization), a challenge of new lands (Minoan civilization), a challenge of sudden blows from neighboring societies (Hellenic civilization), a challenge to constant external pressure (Russian Orthodox, Western Civilization) and a challenge to infringement, when society, having lost something vital, directs its energy to the development of properties that compensate for the loss.
The currently living civilizations are, according to Toynby, the last members of the civilization triads. These are the sequences: Minoskaya-Hellenic-Western civilizations, Minoskaya-Ell Orthodox civilizations, Minoskaya-Syrian-Islamic civilizations, Sumerian-Indian-Industian civilizations
The currently living civilizations are, according to Toynby, the last members of the civilization triads. These are the sequences: Minoskaya-Hellenic-Western civilizations, Minoskaya-Ell Orthodox civilizations, Minoskaya-Syrian-Islamic civilizations, Sumerian-Indian-Industian civilizations
Author:
Author:Toynbi Arnold Joseph
Cover:
Cover:Hard
Category:
- Category:Biographies & Memoirs
- Category:History & Geography
Publication language:
Publication Language:Russian
Paper:
Paper:offset
Series:
Series: Philosophical Technologies
ISBN:
ISBN:978-5-8291-2295-9
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