Alphabet of the Chinese language Putonghua. Letter - phoneme - speech sound - syllable - word

The manual for the first time in sinology, based on the developed and tested universal sound-phonemic theory of the phonological system of the Chinese language Putonghua and Chinese regional languages (dialects), reveals the linguistic principles of constructing the Chinese alphabet, justifies the concept of the sound-letter standard of the word of the Chinese language Putonghua, and thus overcomes the inadequate prevailing representation of the project "pinyin izymu fan'an" as a letter transcription of Chinese hieroglyphic writing, describes the modern computer technology for inputting hieroglyphic text based on the sound-letter standard of the word of the Chinese language Putonghua. A list of syllables of the Chinese language Putonghua is given as actually pronounced structural units of words in this language, and in parallel, a list of syllables in the accepted practical Russian transcription is provided, as well as the difference between transliteration and transcription is explained, and initial information about Chinese phonological systems is given.
The manual is intended for all those interested in the Chinese language and problems of written language in comparison with hieroglyphic writing and can be used at any stage of studying the Chinese language Putonghua in combination with any basic textbook on the Chinese language.
The manual can serve as a reference book for practical transcription of Chinese words using the means of the Russian alphabet not only for those studying the Chinese language, but also for all those writing about China and facing difficulties in conveying Chinese names and surnames, toponyms, anthroponyms, etc. using the means of the Russian alphabet.
The manual is accompanied by a systematic lingaphonic course based on the sound-phoneme: phoneme (consonants and vowels) - speech sound (consonants and vowels), system of encoding consonant and vowel phonemes with letters, rules for reading monosyllabic words (from vowels and from consonants and vowels) and polysyllabic words, rules of singarmonism and phonetic integrity of the word of the Chinese language Putonghua, orthoepic samples of typical texts with corresponding letter and hieroglyphic accompaniment.